毒理学关注阈值(threshold of toxicological concern,TTC)是一种基于化合物结构及其结构相关毒性数据库的风险评估工具。文章对TTC数据库的发展、应用步骤及其在化妆品原料中的应用进行总结,并对TTC的前瞻性应用,包括在植物来源原料的应用、吸入途径毒理学关注阈值、内部毒理学关注阈值、皮肤致敏阈值等进行了介绍,旨在为化妆品原料安全性评价中规范使用TTC方法提供参考。
Anti-competition agreements draw increasing attention in China Two months after resigning from his position as a real estate agent,Li Feng received a surprising deposit of 9,119.08 yuan($1,261)into his bank account.The payment came from his former employer,Pacific Rehouse,a property sales and rental brand based in Shanghai.
Online vendors fed up with customer abuse of refund clauses on shopping platforms are struggling for recourse.Experts argue that if not refined,the policies can cause significant harm to the e-commerce ecosystem.
Monkeypox(mpox)is a rare viral zoonotic disease,endemic to Central and West Africa,caused by the monkeypox virus,an orthopoxvirus similar to the variola virus(smallpox).Although sporadic travel-associated cases have historically occurred outside Africa,in May 2022,mpox began spreading globally in multiple nonendemic countries across several continents.In 2024,there has been an increase in globally reported confirmed cases of mpox and deaths from mpox,making it a public health emergency of international concern.The reasons for the unusual global spread are under investigation but likely relate to increased travel and waning population immunity to orthopoxviruses.Transmission now appears to be mainly through close,intimate contact,especially among men who have sex with men.Mpox is usually a self-limited disease.Although limited approved antiviral treatments are available,such as tecovirimat,which the European Medicines Agency approved in January 2022 for the treatment of mpox,their widespread availability and effectiveness in the current outbreak remain to be investigated.Public health control measures include surveillance,case identification/isolation,contact tracing,and targeted vaccination of contacts at high risk of exposure.However,challenges remain in curtailing the current unprecedented outbreak.Critical knowledge gaps include animal reservoir(s)responsible for initial spillover events,viral mutations that may enhance transmissibility,optimal diagnostics for noninvasive specimens,effective antiviral therapies,next-generation vaccines providing longer-term immunity,and building global capacity for outbreak response.This review summarizes the current literature on mpox virology,epidemiology,pathogenesis,clinical manifestations,diagnostics,treatment,prevention,and public health control measures.Ongoing investigation and research are needed to better understand mpox’s evolving epidemiology,pathogenicity,transmissibility,and ecology to guide strategies for containing the outbreak and preventing future global em
