In this paper,the structural and magnetic properties of Ni metal implanted TiO 2 single crystals are discussed.Ni nanocrystals (NCs) have been formed in TiO 2 after ion implantation.Their crystalline sizes were increased with increasing post-annealing temperature.Metallic Ni NCs inside the TiO 2 matrix are stable up to an annealing temperature of 1073 K.The Ni NCs forming inside TiO 2 are the major contribution of the measured ferromagnetism.
5-at% Mn-doped and undoped BaTiO 3 thin films have been grown under different oxygen partial pressures by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) on platinum-coated sapphire substrates.X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements for all the thin films reveal a similar polycrystalline single-phase perovskite structure.Ferroelectricity is observed in the Mn-doped and undoped BaTiO 3 thin films grown under relatively high oxygen partial pressure.Ferromagnetic coupling of the Mn dopant ions,on the other hand,is only seen in Mn-doped BaTiO 3 thin films prepared under low oxygen partial pressure in a wide temperature range from 5 K to 300 K,and is attributed to the enhanced exchange coupling between Mn dopants and electrons at oxygen vacancies.Our results show that the leakage current is decreased with the doped Mn,but increases the dielectric loss and decreases the dielectric constant,and the ferroelectricity is impaired.To produce ferromagnetism,oxygen vacancies are necessary,which unfortunately increase the leakage current.This confirms that the mutual interplay between the ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism can be tuned by exchange coupling of the doped-Mn and oxygen vacancies in the BaTiO 3 thin films.
