A cellular automata (CA) method was employed to model static coarsening controlled by diffusion along grain boundaries at 1173K and through the bulk at 1213 and 1243K for a two-phase titanium alloy. In the CA model, the coarsening rate was inversely proportional to the 3rd power of the average grain radius for coarsening controlled by diffusion along grain boundaries, and inversely proportional to the 2nd power of the average grain radius for coarsening controlled by diffusion through the bulk. The CA model was used to predict the morphological evolution, average grain size, topological characteristics, and the coarsening kinetics of the Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V (TA15) alloy during static coarsening. The predicted results were found to be in good agreement with the corresponding experimental results. In addition, the effects of the volume fraction of the phase (Vf ) and the initial grain size on the coarsening were discussed. It was found that the predicted coarsening kinetic constant increased with Vf and that a larger initial grain size led to slower coarsening.
Substructure evolution significantly influences the flow behavior of titanium alloys in isothermal hot compression. This paper presents a physical experiment（isothermal hot compression and electron backscatter difraction, EBSD） and a cellular automaton（CA） method to investigate the substructure evolution of a near-α titanium alloy Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V（TA15） isothermally compressed in the α ＋ β two-phase region. In the CA model, the subgrain growth, the transformation of low angle boundaries（LABs） to high angle boundaries（HABs） and the dislocation density evolution were considered. The dislocation density accumulating around the subgrain boundaries provided a driving force and made the transformation of the LABs to HABs. The CA model was employed to predict the substructure evolution, dislocation density evolution and flow stress. In addition, the efects of strain, strain rate and temperature on the relative frequency of the HABs were analyzed and discussed. To verify the CA model, the predicted results including the relative frequency of the HABs and the flow stress were compared with the experimental values.
An explicit polycrystal plasticity model was proposed to investigate the deformation mechanism of cold ring rolling in view of texture evolution. The model was created by deducing a set of linear incremental controlling equations within the framework of crystal plasticity theory. It was directly solved by a linear algorithm within a two-level procedure so that its efficiency and stability were guaranteed. A subroutine VUMAT for ABAQUS/Explicit was developed to combine this model with the 3D FE model of cold ring rolling. Results indicate that the model is reliable in predictions of stress-strain response and texture evolution in the dynamic complicated forming process; the shear strain in RD of the ring is the critical deformation mode according to the sharp Goss component （{110}？100？） of deformed ring; texture and crystallographic structure of the ring blank do not affect texture type of the deformed ring;texture evolves rapidly at the later stage of rolling, which results in a dramatically increasing deformation of the ring.
Quantitative analysis of deformation-induced textures and texture-induced mechanical properties is an important issue for optimal design and control of plastic forming of metals.Deformation-induced textures were predicted through the crystal plasticity finite-element method(CPFEM)in this study,and varying deformation modes,including uniaxial compression,uniaxial tension,simple shear,and plane-strain compression,were considered.The predicted textures were proven by experiments.Then,a theoretical model was proposed to build the quantitative relation between textures and the corresponding mechanical properties.This model takes into account the effects of grain’s orientation,grain’s interaction,and the property in the level of single grain.It captures the macroscopic anisotropy owing to textures and microscopic anisotropy owing to crystallographic structures.By applying this model,the macroscopic stress responses of grains’aggregate with varying textures were calculated according to grain’s orientations and the intrinsic properties of the single crystal along[100]and[111]crystallographic directions.The theoretical model is proven to have high efficiency and acceptable accuracy in the prediction of texture-induced mechanical properties comparing with CPFEM model.
Three different stress states of the combination of tensile（t） stress and compressive（c） stress,t t,t c and t c c,exist in the deformed commercially pure titanium（CP-Ti） sheet during cold drawing-bulging.The textures and microstructures in the different stress state regions were investigated by means of XRD and TEM analysis.Similar development of texture and microstructure is achieved with less thickness strain under multiaxial stresses in drawing-bulging than in cold rolling.The results show that texture and microstructure are much sensitive to multiaxial stresses.Twinning is more easily activated under compressive stress than tensile stress.Prism a slip is heavily affected by tensile stress,resulting in a remarkable change of the intensity of（0°,35°,0°） texture,while pyramidal c＋a slip,forming（20°,35°,30°） texture,weakens with the increase of thickness strain in spite of stress state.
A cellular automaton（CA） modeling of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization（DDRX） of a near-α Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V（TA15） isothermally compressed in the β single phase field was presented.In the CA model,nucleation of the β-DDRX and the growth of recrystallized grains（re-grains） were considered and visibly simulated by the CA model.The driving force of re-grain growth was provided by dislocation density accumulating around the grain boundaries.To verify the CA model,the predicted flow stress by the CA model was compared with the experimental data.The comparison showed that the average relative errors were10.2%,10.1%and 6%,respectively,at 1.0,0.1 and 0.01 s^-1 of 1020 ℃,and were 10.2%,11.35%and 7.5%,respectively,at 1.0,0.1and 0.01 s^-1 of 1050 ℃.The CA model was further applied to predicting the average growth rate,average re-grain size and recrystallization kinetics.The simulated results showed that the average growth rate increases with the increasing strain rate or temperature,while the re-grain size increases with the decreasing strain rate;the volume fraction of recrystallization decreases with the increasing strain rate or decreasing temperature.
