This paper analyses the diversity and spatial pattern of the altitudinal belts in the Hengduan Mountains in China.A total of 7 types of base belts and 26 types of altitudinal belts are identified in the study region.The main altitudinal belt lines,such as forest line,the upper limit of dark coniferous forest and snow line,have similar latitudinal and longitudinal spatial patterns,namely,arched quadratic curve model with latitudes and concave quadratic curve model along longitudinal direction.These patterns can be together called as "Hyperbolic-paraboloid model",revealing the complexity and speciality of the environment and ecology in the study region.This result further validates the hypnosis of a common quadratic model for spatial pattern of mountain altitudinal belts proposed by the authors.The spatial pattern of altitudinal belts is closely related with moisture-related exposure effect in the Hengduan Mountains.Different combinations (spectra) of altitudinal belts and different base belt types appear in windward and leeward flanks and even in the same flanks of different ranges.This is closely related with the parallel mountain ranges of the Hengduan Mountains,which,at nearly right angle with the moving direction of prevailing moisture-laden air masses from west and east,hold up the warm and humid monsoon wind from moving into the core region and result in different moisture conditions in windward and leeward flanks.However,how to quantitatively describe the moisture-related exposure effect needs further study.In addition,the data quality and data accuracy at present also affect to some extent the result of quantitative modeling and should be improved with RS/GIS in the future.
Alpine treeline, as a prominent ecological boundary between forested mountain slopes and alpine meadow/shrub, is highly complex in altitudinal distribution and sensitive to warming climate. Great efforts have been made to explore their distribution patterns and ecological mechanisms that determine these patterns for more than 100 years, and quite a number of geographical and ecophysiological models have been developed to correlate treeline altitude with latitude or a latitude related temperature. However,on a global scale, all of these models have great difficulties to accurately predict treeline elevation due to the extreme diversity of treeline site conditions.One of the major reasons is that "mass elevation effect"(MEE) has not been quantified globally and related with global treeline elevations although it has been observed and its effect on treeline elevations in the Eurasian continent and Northern Hemisphere recognized. In this study, we collected and compiled a total of 594 treeline sites all over the world from literatures, and explored how MEE affects globaltreeline elevation by developing a ternary linear regression model with intra-mountain base elevation(IMBE, as a proxy of MEE), latitude and continentality as independent variables. The results indicated that IMBE, latitude and continentality together could explain 92% of global treeline elevation variability, and that IMBE contributes the most(52.2%), latitude the second(40%) and continentality the least(7.8%) to the altitudinal distribution of global treelines. In the Northern Hemisphere, the three factors' contributions amount to 50.4%, 45.9% and 3.7% respectively; in the south hemisphere, their contributions are 38.3%, 53%, and 8.7%, respectively. This indicates that MEE, virtually the heating effect of macro-landforms, is actually the most significant factor for the altitudinal distribution of treelines across the globe, and that latitude is relatively more significant for treeline elevation in the Southern Hemisphere probably due to fewer macro-
