Our serial studies from {dy1970}s on chemical composition, structure determination and formation mechanism of gallstones were reviewed. The chemical component investigation of brown-pigment gallstone demonstrated that it consists of macromolecules such as proteins, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, bilirubin polymers and pigment polymers, and biomolecules such as cholesterol, bile salts, calcium salts of carbonate, phosphate, fatty acids and bilirubinate as well as various metal ions. The binding of metal ions with bile salts and bilirubin plays important roles in gallstone formation, i.e., calcium bilirubinate complex is the major constitute of brown-pigment gallstones, and copper bilirubinate complex is critical in the black color appearance of black-pigment gallstone. The cross section of many gallstones exhibits a concentric ring structure composed of various small particles with a fractal character. This is nonlinear phenomenon in gallstone formation. Atypical model system of metal ions-deoxycholate (or cholate)-gel was chosen to mimic an in vitro pattern formation system. The experimental results suggested that a nonlinear scientific concept should be considered in understanding gallstone formation. Minor changes in the chemical composition and/or the microenvironment may lead to very different precipitate patterns with a variety of shapes, colors, appearances, and structures. A new model was suggested that periodical templets of periodical and fractal patterns were formed in the initial stage, then the spatio-temporal patterns grew gradually on it. Furthermore, the interaction between divalent metal ions and bile saltsin vitro was investigated, and the results indicated that non-stoichiometric M(DC)2-NaDC mixed complexes with mixed micelles structure can be formed in physiological condition.
A novel dye dimer, bis-{[1-(N-hexadecyl-4-pyridinium)-2-(4-N, N-dimethylamino- phenyl)] ethenyl}methane diiodide (C16BP) was synthesized, and the photoelectrochemistry of the dye Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer modified ITO electrode was investigated. For comparison, the photoelectrochemistry of the monomer (E)-N-hexadecyl-4-[2-(4-N, N-dimethylaminophenyl) ethenyl] pyridinium iodide (C16P) was also measured. The results show that the photocurrent generation property of the dimer is enhanced. The photocurrent generation quantum yield is 0.38% for C16BP, while that for C16P is 0.23%.
A new class of electrorheological （ER） material using rare earth （RE = Y） oxide as the substrate, NaNO3- doped Y2O3 materials, were synthesized using Na2CO3 and Y（NO3）3 as starting materials. Their ER performance, dielectric property, and crystal structure were studied. The results show that doping NaNO3 can markedly enhance the ER activity of the Y2O3 material. For the suspensions of these materials in dimethyl silicone oil, a clear dependence of the shear stress on the doping degree of NANO3 was observed, and the optimal value of Na/Y molar ratio of 0.6 in doping degree was discovered, the relative viscosity ηr（ ηE/η0, E = 4.2 kV·mm^-1） of the suspensions is nine times higher than that of pure Y2O3 material. The new results of the relationship between ER effect and the microstructure were obtained, which are helpful for further understanding the mechanism of ER effect and synthesizing a good ER material.
Quaternary water-in-oil reverse micelles consisting of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), n-hexanol, n-heptane and water were prepared and characterized. The optimized reaction conditions were determined, and monodispersed droplets of the reverse micelles were used as microreactors to synthesize CdS nanoparticles. By using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy, the influences of the reverse micelle components on the size, size distribution, morphology, stability and optical properties of CdS nanoparticles were investigated. CdS nanoparticles with narrow size distribution were obtained and the size range is 6-8 nm when W=24 (W=[water]/[CTAB]), F=5.27 (P=[n-hexanol]/ [CTAB]), [CTAB]=0.2 mol/L, [Cd2+] and [S2-] are 8.45×10-4 mol/L.
The mechanism of Au (I) extraction has been characterized using 198Au radiometry, thermodynamic equilibrium, Karl-Fischer titration and FT-IR spectroscopy techniques. The results indicate that the extraction follows ionic combination and solvent interaction mechanism. The stoichiometry of the extracted species is 1:1:4:4 for TDMBA+: Au(CN)2- : TBP : H2O. The microstructure model of the extracted complex is a supramolecular structure via hydrogen bonding, ion dipole interaction and ionic combination. The extraction process can be described as micelles in the aqueous phase transfer into the organic phase and reversed micelles or microemulsion (W/O) form in the organic phase.
Jian Zhun JIANGWei Hong LIWei Jin ZHOUHong Cheng GAOJin Guang WUGuang Xian XU
