Since the knotters on the Chinese rectangular balers are imported from outside of the country,Chinese knotters with independent intellectual property rights is far away from being closed.In order to harvest a large quantity of straw in a short period on the small-scale lands of China,basic requirements on the knotters are summarized.Mathematical model of the knotter is also determined uniquely.Furthermore,theф-type-knots knotter equipped on the Chinese square baler to form theфtype knots is designed.Knotting rate experiments of theф-type-knots knotter on the test bench and in the wheat/maize straws covered fields are carried out to check the knotting performances of the knotter.The parameters of the formed knots are also tested.The experiments results show that the knotting rate of theф-type-knots knotter reaches 100.0%on the test bench without straws,while reaches 99.6%in the wheat straws covered field and 100.0%in the maize straws covered field.The average maximum force in the knotting process is 194.7 N in the lab experiment.The length out of the knots formed in lab is 15.9%–20.6%lower than the knots formed in the field experiment.The breaking force of the knots formed in the field is 115.9%–167.2%higher than the knots formed in lab due to the higher preload and interactions with the compacted bales.Highly relevant relationships exist between the breaking force of the formed knots and the maximum force in the forming process of the knots in the lab experiment.The designed knotter breaks out the embarrassing situation of the domestic knotters which don’t have independent intellectual property rights,and promotes the development of Chinese knotter technology,and the mathematical model is helpful for designing new type of knotters.
LI HuiHE JinWANG QingjieLI HongwenRASAILY Rabi GautamCAO QingchunZHANG Xiangcai
The no-till seeders of various soil opener configurations have been shown to produce various soil physical responses in relation to soil and climate conditions, thus affecting crop performance in permanent raised beds (PRB) systems. This is particularly important in arid Northwest China where large volumes of residue are retained on the soil surface after harvest. In Zhangye, Gansu Province, China, a field trial assessed the effects of three typical (powered-chopper, powered-cutter and powered-disc) PRB no-till seeders and one traditional seeder on soil disturbance, residue cover index, bulk density, fuel consumption, plant growth, and subsequent yield. In general, seedbed conditions and crop performance for PRB no- till seeders seeded plots were better than for traditional seeded plots. In PRB cropping system, the powered-chopper seeder decreased mean soil disturbance and increased residue cover index compared to powered-disc and -cutter seeders. However, the results indicated that soil bulk density was 2.3-4.8% higher, soil temperature was 0.2-0.6℃ lower, and spring wheat emergence was 3.2-4.7% less. This was attributed to greater levels of residue cover and firmer seedbeds. Spring maize and wheat performance in the powered-cutter and -disc treatments was better (non-significant) than powered-chopper treatment. So powered disc no-till seeder, which generally provided the best planting condition and the highest yield, appeared to be the suitable seeder in heavy residue cover conditions. Considering the precision requirements for soil disturbance and residue cover, the powered strip-chopping no-till seeder could be a suitable option for PRB cropping system in Northwest China. Although these results are preliminary, they are still valuable for the design and selection of no-till seeders for PRB cropping systems in arid Northwest China.
HE JinLI Hong-wenAllen David McHughWANG Qing-jieLI HuiRabi Gautam RasailyKhokan Kumer Sarker
