Though the theory of one-parameter Triebel-Lizorkin and Besov spaces has been very well developed in the past decades, the multi-parameter counterpart of such a theory is still absent. The main purpose of this paper is to develop a theory of multi-parameter Triebel-Lizorkin and Besov spaces using the discrete Littlewood-Paley-Stein analysis in the setting of implicit multi-parameter structure. It is motivated by the recent work of Han and Lu in which they established a satisfactory theory of multi-parameter Littlewood-Paley-Stein analysis and Hardy spaces associated with the flag singular integral operators studied by Muller-Ricci-Stein and Nagel-Ricci-Stein. We also prove the boundedness of flag singular integral operators on Triebel-Lizorkin space and Besov space. Our methods here can be applied to develop easily the theory of multi-parameter Triebel-Lizorkin and Besov spaces in the pure product setting.
Let （M, g） be a complete non-compact Riemannian manifold without boundary. In this paper, we give the gradient estimates on positive solutions to the following elliptic equation with singular nonlinearity：△u（x）＋cu^-a=0 in M,where a 〉 0, c are two real constants. When c 〈 0 and M is a bounded smooth domain in R^n, the above equation is known as the thin film equation, which describes a steady state of the thin film （see Guo-Wei [Manuscripta Math., 120, 193-209 （2006）]）. The results in this paper can be viewed as an supplement of that of J. Li [J. Funct. Anal., 100, 233-256 （1991）], where the nonlinearity is the positive power of u.
