The physiology and behaviors related to energy balance are monitored by the nervous and humoral systems. Because of the difficulty in treating diabetes and obesity, elucidating the energy balance mechanism and identifying critical targets for treatment are important research goals. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to describe energy regulation by the central nervous system(CNS) and peripheral humoral pathway. Homeostasis and rewarding are the basis of CNS regulation. Anorexigenic or orexigenic effects reflect the activities of the POMC/CART or NPY/AgRP neurons within the hypothalamus. Neurotransmitters have roles in food intake, and responsive brain nuclei have different functions related to food intake, glucose monitoring, reward processing. Peripheral gut-or adipose-derived hormones are the major source of peripheral humoral regulation systems. Nutrients or metabolites and gut microbiota affect metabolism via a discrete pathway. We also review the role of peripheral organs, the liver,adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle in peripheral regulation. We discuss these topics and how the body regulates metabolism.
胰升糖素样肽1（glucagon like peptide-1, GLP-1）是一种由肠道分泌的肽类激素。GLP-1的发现源于上世纪60年代＂肠促胰素＂现象的发现。GLP-1除具有降低血糖的作用，还能保护胰腺，改善心血管结局，改变食欲，降低体重。GLP-1控制进食的机制目前还不明确，推测中枢神经系统起了主要的作用。本综述主要从以下几方面论述中枢神经系统在GLP-1调节食欲中的作用：（1）与食欲调节有关的脑神经核团；（2）与血糖调节有关的脑神经核团；（3）与进食奖赏行为相关的脑神经核团；（4）与进食相关的肽类物质及GLP-1的作用；（5）表达GLP-1受体的脑神经核团调节进食的作用.
