The sensitivities of betavoltaic batteries and photovoltaic batteries to series and parallel resistance are studied.Based on the study,an electrode pattern design principle of GaAs betavoltaic batteries is proposed.GaAs PIN junctions with and without the proposed electrode pattern are fabricated and measured under the illumination of ^（63）Ni.Results show that the proposed electrode can reduce the backscattering and shadowing for the beta particles from ^（63）Ni to increase the GaAs betavoltaic battery short circuit currents effectively but has little impact on the fill factors and ideal factors.
A method of multiple outputs least squares support vector regression （LS-SVR） was developed and described in detail, with the radial basis function （RBF） as the kernel function. The method was applied to predict the future state of the power-shift steering transmission （PSST）. A prediction model of PSST was gotten with multiple outputs LS-SVR. The model performance was greatly influenced by the penalty parameter γ and kernel parameter σ2 which were optimized using cross validation method. The training and prediction of the model were done with spectrometric oil analysis data. The predictive and actual values were compared and a fault in the second PSST was found. The research proved that this method had good accuracy in PSST fault prediction, and any possible problem in PSST could be found through a comparative analysis.
A new reflection approach for field distribution measurement of ultrasonic transducers was investigated. Instead of a point-like reflection target （rigid sphere） or thin wires （line-like targets）, a line response function of experimental knife-edge distribution combined with the inverse Abel transforms was used to estimate the lateral beam distributions of ultrasonic transducers. The measurement steps were as follows：① A knife-edge was scanned perpendicularly to acoustic beam axis of the transducer using an ultrasonic C-scan system to obtain its ultrasonic image line response function, ② the transverse beam distribution was solved by the inverse Abel transforms, and ③ experiments were performed to obtain the lateral beam profiles of two transducers, with and without focus, and the results were compared with those from a hydrophone. The results showed that this method was effective for ultrasonic field measurement and could be as a substitute for hydrophone in most cases.
The new phenomena induced by femtosecond lasers lead to the new area of ultrafast science.It is a significantchallenge to explain the phenomena associated with complex non-equilibrium and non-linear processes.Althoughthere is a growing body of experimental observation,a comprehensive model remains undeveloped.We reviewthe challenges in understanding the photon absorption stage mainly for the femtosecond ablation of wide bandgap materialsat the intensities of 10^(13)～10^(14) W/cm^2.Major opinions and challenges in ionization mechanisms are presentedby primarily considering multiphoton ionization and avalanche ionization.
