Despite recent efforts to investigate the distribution and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, water, and soil, very little is known about their temporal change in wet deposition. As a result of increased attention to public health, a large-scale survey on the deposition flux and distribution of PAH contamination in rainwater was urgently conducted in Shanghai, China. In this study, 163 rainwater samples were collected from six sites, and 15 PAH compounds were detected by the use of a simple solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The dominant PAH species monitored were naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluoranthene. The concentration of total PAHs per event was between 74 and 980 ng/L, with an average value of 481 ng/L, which is at the high end of worldwide figures. The annual deposition flux of PAHs in rainwater was estimated to be 4148 kg/yr in the Shanghai area, suggesting rainfall as a major possible pathway for removing PAHs from the atmosphere. Diagnostic analysis by the ratios of An/178 and Fl/Fl+Py suggested that combustion of grass, wood, and coal was the major contributor to PAHs in the Shanghai region. Back trajectory analysis also indicated that the pollutant sources could be from the southern part of China.
Lili YanXiang LiJianmin ChenXinjun WangJianfei DuLin Ma
In this study,hygroscopicity of size-segregated ambient submicron particles in urban Hangzhou was studied from 28th December 2009 to 18th January 2010,using a hygroscopicity-tandem differential mobility analyzer(H-TDMA).The submicron particles in Hangzhou showed a minor hygroscopic growth at 73%relative humidity(RH),and then grew significantly between 77%and 82%RH.Monomodal distribution accounted for 90%for 30 nm particles,17%for 50 nm particles,and less than 7%for particles larger than 50 nm at 82%RH.Deconvolution of the bimodal distribution indicated a less hygroscopic group and a more hygroscopic group,with the fraction of the more hygroscopic group increasing with the initial dry particle size and then remaining almost constant for accumulation mode particles.Our results imply that submicron particles in urban Hangzhou were almost entirely externally mixed,and the hygroscopic properties of ambient particles in urban Hangzhou were mainly a function of their size and chemical composition.
采用CERES SSFAqua MODIS Edition 2B/2C和CALIPSO卫星探测资料结合地面台站沙尘观测资料,通过对强沙尘天气过程中纯云区与沙尘云区大气层顶处辐射强迫值的对比分析,研究了我国华北地区沙尘气溶胶对云辐射强迫的影响.研究发现,2006年4月16日、5月16日、2007年3月30日3次过程沙尘云区大气层顶云的净辐射强迫绝对值比纯云区分别减小了7.1%,17.2%和3.1%,云的冷却效应受到不同程度抑制.纯云区与沙尘云区云的光学特性参量的对比分析结果表明,绝大部分沙尘云区的云粒径、云水路径和光学厚度值均比纯云区的要小.
UV-induced degradation of odorous dimethyl sulfide(DMS) was carried out in a static White cell chamber with UV irradiation.The combination of in situ Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectrometer,gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer(GC-MS),wide-range particle spectrometer(WPS) technique,filter sampling and ion chromatographic(IC) analysis was used to monitor the gaseous and potential particulate products.During 240 min of UV irradiation,the degradation efficiency of DMS attained 20.9%,and partially oxidized sulfur-containing gaseous products,such as sulfur dioxide(SO2),carbonyl sulfide(OCS),dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO),dimethyl sulfone(DMSO2) and dimethyl disulfide(DMDS) were identified by in situ FT-IR and GC-MS analysis,respectively.Accompanying with the oxidation of DMS,suspended particles were directly detected to be formed by WPS techniques.These particles were measured mainly in the size range of accumulation mode,and increased their count median diameter throughout the whole removal process.IC analysis of the filter samples revealed that methanesulfonic acid(MSA),sulfuric acid(H2SO4) and other unidentified chemicals accounted for the major non-refractory compositions of these particles.Based on products analysis and possible intermediates formed,the degradation pathways of DMS were proposed as the combination of the O(1D)-and the OH-initiated oxidation mechanisms.A plausible formation mechanism of the suspended particles was also analyzed.It is concluded that UV-induced degradation of odorous DMS is potentially a source of particulate pollutants in the atmosphere.
