In this paper, we experimentally investigate the near-field flow characteristics of turbulent free jets respectively issued from circular, triangular, diamond, rectangular, and notched-rectangular orifice plates into air surroundings. All the orifice plates have identical opening areas or equivalent diameters（De） and their aspect ratios（AR） range from 1 to 6.5. Planar particle image velocimetry（PIV） is used to measure the velocity field at the same Reynolds number of Re = 5 × 10^4,where Re = Ue De/ν with Ue being the exit bulk velocity and ν the kinematic viscosity of fluid. The mean and turbulent velocity fields of all the five jets are compared in detail. Results show that the noncircular jets can enhance the entrainment rate, reflected by the higher acceleration rates of mean velocity decay and spread, shorten the length of the unmixed core,expedite the increase of turbulent intensity compared with the circular counterpart shortened unmixed core, and increase turbulent intensity comparing to the circular counterpart. Among the five jets, the rectangular jet（AR = 6.5） produces the greatest decay rate of the near-field mean velocity, postpones the position at which the 鈥榓xis-switching鈥檖henomenon occurs. This supports that axis switching phenomenon strongly depends on jet initial conditions. In addition, the hump in the centerline variation of the turbulence intensity is observed in the rectangular and triangular jets, but not in the circular jet, nor in diamond jet nor in notched-rectangular jet.
This paper assesses the suitability of the inflow Reynolds number defined by Reo -- UoD/v （here Uo and D are respectively the initial jet velocity and diameter while v is kinematic viscosity） for a round air/air jet. Specifically an experimental investigation is performed for the influences of Uo, D and Reo on the mean-velocity decay and spread coefficients （Ku, Kr） in the far field of a circular air jet into air from a smoothly contracting nozzle. Present measurements agree well with those previously obtained under similar inflow conditions. The relations Ku ∝ Uo and Kr ∝ 1/Uo for Uo 〈 5 m/s appear to work, while each coefficient approaches asymptotically to a constant for Uo 〉 6 m/s, regardless of the magnitudes of Reo and D. It is revealed that Reo may not be an appropriate dimensionless parameter to characterize the entire flow of a free air/air jet. This paper is the first paper that has challenged the suitability of Reo for turbulent free jets.
With the development of computational power and numerical algorithms,computational fluid dynamics(CFD) has become an important strategy for the design of aircraft,which significantly reduces the reliance on wind-tunnel and flight tests.In this paper,we conducted a numerical investigation on the flow past a full commercial aircraft at Mach number 0.2 and 14 degrees angle of attack by means of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS),detached-eddy simulation(DES) and our newly developed constrained large-eddy simulation(CLES).The objective of this paper is to study the capability of these models in simulating turbulent flows.To our knowledge,this is the first large-eddy simulation method for full commercial aircraft simulation.The results show that the CLES can predict the mean statistical quantities well,qualitatively consistent with traditional methods,and can capture more small-scale structures near the surface of the aircraft with massive separations.Our study demonstrates that CLES is a promising alternative for simulating real engineering turbulent flows.
The present study experimentally investigated the near-field flow mixing characteristics of two turbulent jets issuing from equilateral triangular and circular orifice plates into effectively unbounded surroundings,respectively.Planar particle image velocimetry(PIV) was applied to measure the velocity field at the same Reynolds number of Re=50,000,where Re = UeDe /with Ue being the exit bulk velocity and the kinematic viscosity of fluid,D e the equivalent diameters.The instantaneous velocity,mean velocity,Reynolds stresses were obtained.From the mean velocity field,the centreline velocity decay rate and half-velocity width were derived.Comparing the mixing characteristics of the two jets,it is found that the triangular jet has a faster mixing rate than the circular counterpart.The triangular jet entrainments with the ambient fluid at a higher rate in the near field.This is evidenced by a shorter unmixed core,faster Reynolds stress and centreline turbulence intensity growth.The primary coherent structures in the near field are found to break down more rapidly in the triangular jet as compared to the circular jet.Over the entire measurement region,the triangular jet maintained a higher rate of decay and spread.Moreover,all components of Reynolds stress of the triangular jet appear to reach their peaks earlier,and then decay more rapidly than those of the circular jet.In addition,the axis-switching phenomenon is observed in the triangular jet.
XU MinYiZHANG JianPengMI JianChunNATHAN G JKALT P A M
This paper provides a comprehensive introduction to the major progress in transition and turbulence studies in China over the past thirty years. Despite the author's best efforts, there are some unavoidable omissions. We expect that with the continued deepening of turbulence research, Chinese scholars will make increasing contributions in this field, which will certainly have strong influence on the establishment of a China School of Turbulence.
Glow discharge is introduced as an artificial disturbance to investigate the evolution of first-and second-mode instabilities in a hypersonic flat plate boundary layer.Experiments are conducted in a Mach 6.5 quiet wind tunnel using Rayleigh scattering visualization and particle image velocimetry(PIV). Detailed analysis of the experimental observations is provided. It is found that the artificially introduced 17 kHz disturbance,which belongs to the first-mode frequency band, can effectively enhance first-mode waves.Moreover, it can enhance second-mode waves even more intensely. Possible mechanisms to explain this phenomenon are discussed.
Coherent structures are essential for the momentum exchange and turbulence production in wall-bounded turbulent flows. Diversified coherent structures have been observed in turbulent boundary layers, and hairpin-based vortices dominate most of the relevant literature. However, there is no consensus yet on the origin and forming mechanism of hairpin vortices. Herein, five cornerstones pertaining to the framework of hairpin-based coherent structures are reviewed, and three different hairpin generation mechanisms are clarified. Next, the time-resolved tomographic particle image velocimetry(Tomo-PIV) is used in an early turbulent boundary layer(Re_θ= 420) to investigate the origin of hairpin vortices. The timelines reveal a triangular bulge in the low-speed streak(LSS), and the initial roll-up occurs at two sides of it. Meanwhile, the material surfaces manifest as a three-dimensional(3D) wave structure in the LSS, which may support the model of a soliton-like coherent structure(SCS). Subsequently, the method of Lagrangian-averaged vorticity deviation is used to detect early vortices. We find that the 3D wave structure is flanked by two vortices, thus confirming the roll-up of timelines and demonstrating the advantage of the Lagrangian criteria in capturing structures in complex flows. These results suggest that various coherent structures may evolve from the metamorphosis of 3D wave structures and their later interaction. Finally, the limitations of traditional experimental and post-processing tools are discussed.
An artificial disturbance is introduced into the boundary layer over a flat plate to investigate the effect on the transition process in the Mach 6.5 wind tunnel at Peking University. A linear stability theory(LST) is utilized to predict the evolution of the eigenmodes, and the frequency of the artificial disturbance is chosen according to the LST results. The artificial disturbance is generated by glowing discharge on the surface of the plate close to the leading edge. The Rayleigh-scattering visualization and particle image velocimetry(PIV) measurements are performed. By comparing the experimental results with artificial disturbances with those under the natural condition(without artificial disturbances), the present paper shows that the second-mode instability waves are significantly stimulated by the artificial disturbances, and the boundary layer transition is effectively triggered.
