本研究利用开放式空气中CO2浓度增加（Free Air CO2 Enrichment,FACE）试验平台,研究CO2浓度升高200 μmol·mol^-1下,水稻灌浆早期籽粒大小、生长速率、可溶性碳水化合物和淀粉含量及蔗糖转化酶活性等在开花后20 d内的变化动态.结果表明,与对照相比,FACE处理加快了灌浆早期籽粒的发育进程,尤其加快了籽粒宽度达到最大的日程,籽粒大小和籽粒灌浆速率提前3 d达到最大值;成熟时籽粒的长宽积FACE下的比对照下的提高了4.5%,但粒重无差异;FACE下开花后2～5 d内籽粒中的还原糖和蔗糖的含量及细胞壁转化酶和细胞质转化酶的活性显著高于对照下的,但淀粉含量和可溶性酸性转化酶活性则无显著差异.从结果推论,FACE加速水稻灌浆前期籽粒生长发育与其花后早期颖果内蔗糖合成和转运水平之间可能存在内在联系.
利用开放式空气CO2浓度升高（Free Air Carbon-dioxide Enrichment,FACE）平台,研究了低氮（LN）和常氮（NN）水平下,大气CO2浓度升高对冬小麦叶片酚酸类物质代谢的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度升高对小麦叶片水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸和香草酸含量的影响随供氮水平的不同而有所差异。低氮下小麦通过提高叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性（30.1%）而使其含量均显著增加,增幅分别达33.7%、119.6%、26.7%、39.9%和28.6%;而常氮下PAL活性和酚酸类含量变化均未达显著水平。可见,大气CO2浓度升高对冬小麦酚酸类物质代谢的影响受氮水平的调控,在未来CO2浓度升高条件下,选择适宜的施肥水平将显得更为重要。此外,总酚含量与水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸和香草酸等含量变化趋势基本一致,且总酚含量变化的79.6%~151.4%是由这几种酚酸含量变化引起的,说明CO2浓度升高使水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸和香草酸等含量增加是总酚含量增加的直接原因。低氮条件下大气CO2浓度升高将通过改变酚酸类物质代谢而间接影响小麦与伴生杂草的关系。
利用中国唯一的无锡FACE(Free-air CO2 enrichment,开放式空气CO2浓度升高)平台,研究了大气CO2浓度升高对土壤β-葡糖苷酶、转化酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、β-氨基葡糖苷酶的影响。研究发现,不同氮肥处理下大气CO2浓度升高对某些土壤酶活性的影响不同。在低氮施肥处理中,大气CO2浓度升高显著降低β-葡糖苷酶活性,但是在高氮施肥处理下,大气CO2浓度升高显著增加β-葡糖苷酶活性。在低氮和常氮施肥处理中大气CO2浓度升高显著增加了土壤脲酶活性,但在高氮水平下影响不显著。在低氮、常氮施肥处理中,大气CO2浓度升高对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性没有影响,而在高氮施肥处理中显著增强了土壤中磷酸酶活性。大气CO2浓度升高对土壤转化酶活性和β-氨基葡糖苷酶的活性有增加趋势,但影响不显著。研究还发现,在不同的CO2浓度下,土壤酶活性对不同氮肥处理的响应也不同。在正常CO2浓度下,土壤中β-葡糖苷酶活性随着氮肥施用量的增加而降低,而在大气CO2浓度升高条件下,却随着氮肥施用量的增加而增加。在大气CO2浓度升高条件下,高氮施肥显著增加了转化酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,而在正常CO2浓度下,影响不显著。在大气CO2浓度升高条件下,氮肥处理对脲酶活性的影响不大,但在正常CO2浓度下,脲酶活性随着氮肥施用量的增加而增加。氮肥对β-氨基葡糖苷酶活性的影响不明显。
To study the effects of growing rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves under the treatment of the short-term elevated CO2 during the period of sink-source transition, several physiological processes such as dynamic changes in photosynthesis, photosynthate accumulation, enzyme activities (sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), and sucrose synthase (SS)), and their specific gene (sps1 and RSus1) expressions in both mature and developing leaf were measured. Rice seedlings with fully expanded sixth leaf (marked as the source leaf, L6) were kept in elevated (700 μmol/mol) and ambient (350 mol/L) CO2 until the 7th leaf (marked as the sink leaf, L7) fully expanded. The results demonstrated that elevated CO2 significantly increased the rate of leaf elongation and biomass accumulation of L7 during the treatment without affecting the growth of L6. However, in both developing and mature leaves, net photosynthetic assimilation rate (A), all kinds of photosynthate contents such as starch, sucrose and hexose, activities of SPS and SS and transcript levels of sps1 and RSus1 were significantly increased under elevated CO2 condition. Results suggested that the elevated CO2 had facilitated photosynthate assimilation, and increased photosynthate supplies from the source leaf to the sink leaf, which accelerated the growth and sink-source transition in new developing sink leaves. The mechanisms of SPS regulation by the elevated CO2 was also discussed.
Jun-Ying LiXing-Hua LiuQing-Sheng CaiHui GuShan-Shan ZhangYan-Yan WuChun-Jiao Wang
利用采集自FACE(Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment)技术平台上田间培养的土壤样品,通过温室培养的方法,研究不同CO2浓度下导致作物生物量增加和更多碳输入对土壤含碳量的影响.结果表明,CO2浓度高(即通过秸秆还田和根系进入土壤的含碳量增加)时,其显著影响碳在不同粒级土壤中的转化,粒径>53μm土壤的含碳量增加,粒径<53μm土壤的含碳量降低;在没有秸秆加入的常规氮水平下与有秸秆加入的低氮水平下,含碳量变化幅度较大;单位土壤各粒级的含碳量均有增加,有秸秆加入,活性碳(葡萄糖)量越大,含碳量增加幅度越大;没有秸秆加入,活性碳量越大,总碳含量增加幅度越小.而不同氮水平下秸秆的分解代谢对土壤不同粒级碳的影响还不明确,有待继续研究.
