With the full treatment of the Helfrich model we theoretically study the symmetrical adhesion of two cylindrical colloids to a tubular membrane. The adhesion of the rigid cylinders with different radius from the membrane tube surface can produce both shallow wrapping with relatively small wrapping angle and deep wrapping with big wrapping angle. These significant structural behaviors can be obtained by analyzing the system energy. A second order adhesion transition from the desorbed to weakly adhered states is found, and a first order phase transition where the cylindrical colloids undergo an abrupt transition from weakly adhered to strongly adhered states can be obtained as well.
Laser wakefield accelerators(LWFAs)are compact accelerators which can produce femtosecond high-energy electron beams on a much smaller scale than the conventional radiofrequency accelerators.It is attributed to their high acceleration gradient which is about 3 orders of magnitude larger than the traditional ones.The past decade has witnessed the major breakthroughs and progress in developing the laser wakfield accelerators.To achieve the LWFAs suitable for applications,more and more attention has been paid to optimize the LWFAs for high-quality electron beams.A single-staged LWFA does not favor generating controllable electron beams beyond 1 Ge V since electron injection and acceleration are coupled and cannot be independently controlled.Staged LWFAs provide a promising route to overcome this disadvantage by decoupling injection from acceleration and thus the electron-beam quality as well as the stability can be greatly improved.This paper provides an overview of the physical conceptions of the LWFA,as well as the major breakthroughs and progress in developing LWFAs from single-stage to two-stage LWFAs.
The motion and the energy of electrons driven by the ponderomotive force in linearly polarized high-intensity laser standing wave fields are considered.The results show that there exists a threshold laser intensity,above which the motion of electrons incident parallel to the electric field of the laser standing waves undergoes a transition from regulation to chaos.We propose that the huge energy exchange between the electrons and the strong laser standing waves is triggered by inelastic scattering,which is related to the chaos patterns.It is shown that an electron's energy gain of tens of MeV can be realized for a laser intensity of 10 20 W/cm 2.
The influence of time-dependent polarization on attosecond pulse generation from an overdense plasma surface driven by laser pulse is discussed analytically and numerically.The results show that the frequency of controlling pulse controls the number and interval of the generated attosecond pulse,that the generation moment of the attosecond pulse is dominated by the phase difference between the controlling and driving pulses,and that the amplitude of the controlling pulse affects the intensity of the attosecond pulse.Using the method of time-dependent polarization,a "single" ultra-strong attosecond pulse with duration τ≈ 8.6 as and intensity I ≈ 3.08 × 10 20 W·cm-2 can be generated.
