GLO-PEM is driven by soil moisture data of AMSR-E and PAR(Photosynthetically active radiation) which is retrieved from MODIS atmospheric data product in this paper.Using remote sensing data can overcome uncertainty brought from interpola-tion of precipitation and PAR.Comparing with observed radiation data,PAR retrieved by remote sensing is in high accuracy in this study.RMSE is 9 and 19.68 W m 2 and R2 is 0.89 and 0.67 respectively.As a result of GLO-PEM,annual total amount of NPP of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is 0.37 Pg C a-1 in 2005 2008.There is a significant linear relationship between field and simu-lated NPP.Determination coefficient reached 0.93.NPP is decrease from southeast to northwest in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.NPP changes from 0 to 1500 g C m-2 a-1.There is different limit factors of vegetation growth in west and east plateau.In the west of 450 mm rainfall line,the limit factors is precipitation.In the east of 450 mm rainfall line,temperature is the dominated factor of vegetation growth.
Wind and solar energy are projected to be major sources of the world's power in the coming decades.In this study,we first introduce satellite observations for surface solar irradiance and wind,and then discuss using the data for prediction and assessment of energy distribution.Using the current NCEP global forecast model (GFS),the global mean and standard deviation of solar power at the surface for the 5-d forecast are about 212 and 124 W/m2,respectively.For a 24-h forecast of a 3-h mean,the relative error is about 30%,and for a prediction of the daily mean,it is about 15%.The relative error of wind power forecasts for a 24-h forecast of a 3-h mean and a daily mean is 70% and 35%,respectively.The reanalysis results based on satellite observations and numerical weather prediction model are also used to study the distribution of solar and wind energy and the variation of the distribution related to climate change.No significant trend in downward solar radiation is found at the surface in the reanalysis data sets.Surface wind power however exhibits a significant positive trend as the global temperature is warming up.A comparison of a decadal mean wind energy between two decades (from 1949 to 1958 vs.from 1999 to 2008) shows that most of Asia had experienced a decrease in surface wind energy.Therefore,decisions about renewable energy developments need to consider such climate change scenarios.
WENG FuZhong1*,LIU QuanHua2 & ZOU XiaoLei3,4 1National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,Camp Springs,MD 20746,USA
