Anisotropic strength and deformability of the rock mass with non-persistent joints are governed by cracking process of the rock bridges.The dependence of cracking process of jointed rock masses on the two important geometrical parameters,joint orientation and joint persistence,was studied systematically by carrying out a series of uniaxial compression tests on gypsum specimens with regularly arranged multiple parallel pre-existing joints.According to crack position,mechanism and temporal sequence,seven types of crack initiations and sixteen types of crack coalescences,were identified.It was observed that both tensile cracks and shear cracks can emanate from the pre-existing joints as well as the matrix.Vertical joints were included and coplanar tensile cracks initiation and coalescence were observed accordingly.For specimen with joint inclination angle β=75°,it was found that collinear joints can be linked not only by coplanar shear cracks but also by mixed tensile-shear cracks,and that a pair of them can form a small rotation block.Seven failure modes,including axial cleavage,crushing,crushing and rotation of new blocks,stepped failure,stepped failure and rotation of new blocks,shear failure along a single plane and shear failure along multiple planes,were observed.These modes shift gradually in accordance with the combined variation of joint orientation and joint persistence.It is concluded that cracking process and failure modes are more strongly affected by joint orientation than by joint persistence,especially when joint inclination angle is larger than 45°.Finally,variations of macroscopic mechanical behaviors with the two geometrical parameters,such as patterns of the complete axial stress-axial strain curves,peak strength and elastic modulus,are summarized and their mechanisms are successfully explained according to their different cracking process.
The ratio of crack initiation stress to the uniaxial compressive strength(SCI,B/SUC,B) and the ratio of axial strain at the crack initiation stress to the axial strain at the uniaxial compressive strength(B,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS) were studied by performing numerical stress analysis on blocks having multi flaws at close spacing's under uniaxial loading using PFC3 D. The following findings are obtained: SCI,B/SUC,B has an average value of about 0.5 with a variability of ± 0.1. This range agrees quite well with the values obtained by former research. For joint inclination angle, β=90°,B,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS is found to be around 0.48 irrespective of the value of joint continuity factor, k. No particular relation is found betweenB,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS and β; however, the average B,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS seems to slightly decrease with increasing k. The variability ofB,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS is found to increase with k.Based on the cases studied in this work,B,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS ranges between 0.3 and 0.5. This range is quite close to the range of 0.4to 0.6 obtained for SCI,B/SUC,B. The highest variability of ± 0.12 forB,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS is obtained for k=0.8. For the remaining k values the variability ofB,UCB,CI,A,A/SSSS can be expressed within ± 0.05. This finding is very similar to the finding obtained for the variability of SCI,B/SUC,B.
We investigated the combined influence of joint inclination angle and joint continuity factor on deformation behavior of jointed rock mass for gypsum specimens with a set of non-persistent open flaws in uniaxial compression.Complete axial stress-strain curves were classified into four types,i.e.,single peak,softening after multi-peak yield platform,hardening after multi-peak yield platform and multi-peak during softening.Observation of crack evolution on the specimen surface reveals that the deformation behavior is correlated to the closure of pre-existing joint,development of fractures in rock matrix and teeth shearing of the shear plane.To investigate the brittleness of the specimens,the ratio of the residual strength to the maximum peak strength as well as the first and last peak strains were studied.At the same joint inclination angle,the ratios between residual strength and the maximum peak strength and the last peak strains increased while the first peak strain decreased with the increase of joint continuity factor.At the same joint continuity factor,the curves of the three brittleness parameters vs.joint inclination angle can either be concave or convex single-peak or wave-shaped.
