Using Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponents (FTLE) method, Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) in a fully developed flat-plate turbulent boundary layer are successfully identified from a two-dimensional (2D) velocity field obtained by time-resolved 2D PIV measurement. The typical LCSs in the turbulent boundary layer are hairpin-like structures, which are characterized as legs of quasi-streamwise vor- tices extending deep into the near wall region with an inclination angle θ to the wall, and heads of the transverse vortex tube located in the outer region. Statistical analysis on the characteristic shape of typical LCS reveals that the probability density distribution of θ accords well with t-distribution in the near wall region, but presents a bimodal distribution with two peaks in the outer region, corresponding to the hairpin head and the hairpin neck, respectively. Spatial correlation analysis of FTLE field is im- plemented to get the ensemble-averaged inclination angle θ R of typical LCS. θ R first increases and then decreases along the wall-normal direction, similar to that of the mean value of θ. Moreover, the most probable value of θ saturates at y+=100 with the maximum value of about 24°, suggesting that the most likely position where hairpins transit from the neck to the head is located around y+=100. The ensem- ble-averaged convection velocity Uc of typical LCS is finally calculated from temporal-spatial correla- tion analysis of FTLE field. It is found that the wall-normal profile of the convection velocity Uc(y) ac- cords well with the local mean velocity profile U(y) beyond the buffer layer, evidencing that the down- stream convection of hairpins determines the transportation properties of the turbulent boundary layer in the log-region and beyond.
Force measurement and surface oil flow visualization experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel to investigate the effects of flexibility on aerodynamic performance of delta wings with different sweep angles.The experimental results indicate that the maximum lift coefficient is increased and the stall angle is delayed as the sweep angle increases for both rigid and flexible wings.It is also found that the maximum lift coefficients of the flexible wings with a sweep angle from 35° to 50° are higher than those of the rigid ones.The increment of the maximum lift coefficient in particular achieves 32.9% compared with the case without lift enhancement for the 40° flexible delta wing.Moreover,the surface oil flow visualization experiments show that the stall of the flexible wing of the moderate low sweep angle is accompanied by helical flow structure,while the vortex bursting appears on the corresponding rigid wing.
LIU Yang,ZUO LinXuan & WANG JinJun Institute of Fluid Mechanics,Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Fluid Mechanics Key Laboratory,Ministry of Education,Beijing 100191,China
Flow visualization experiments are conducted in water tunnel for low aspect ratio cropped wings at low Reynolds number. The experimental results show that the model sweep angle Λ influences the formation and development of the leading-edge vortex. For wings with Λ =0°, the dominant flow structure is transverse vortex. When Λ≥26°, the dual vortex structure can be observed at some angles of attack, and it is confirmed that the dual vortex is a special structure for flow over low aspect ratio wing at low Reynolds number. For Λ≥56° wings, the dual vortex structure can be observed in a large range of attack angles. Moreover, in comparison with the outer vortex, the breakdown position of the primary vortex is delayed, and the larger the Λ, the later the breakdown location at the same angle of attack.
