以山西太原阳曲西殿南遗址(38°03′45″N,112°45′55″E)出土的3例人骨和34例动物骨骼(3例鹿、3例狗、5例牛、6例羊、17例猪)为研究对象,运用AMS-14C测年与C、N稳定同位素分析的研究方法,研究该遗址所处的年代、动物和人的食物结构以及先民对家畜的饲喂方式,进而还原龙山文化时期太原盆地的生业经济。AMS-14C测年结果显示,M1墓主人骨骼的14C年代为4200±30 a B.P.,树轮校正后的年代范围为4844~4620 cal.a B.P.,结合该遗址遗存及其组合群特征初步判断其应为一处龙山文化时期遗址。C、N稳定同位素测试结果显示,鹿(δ^(13)C:-20.8‰~-18.7‰,均值-19.6‰±1.1‰;δ^(15)N:2.9‰~3.6‰,均值3.3‰±0.4‰,n=3)主要以C3类食物为生,说明当地野生植被主要为C3类植物;与鹿不同,羊的δ^(13)C值和δ^(15)N值(δ^(13)C:-17.2‰~-14.3‰,均值-16.2‰±1.0‰;δ^(15)N:6.7‰~9.6‰,均值8.1‰±1.2‰,n=6)明显高于鹿,其内部存在一些差异性,可分为A、B、C三组:A组羊(YQ17和YQ19)的δ^(13)C值偏高(分别为-16.4‰和-16.3‰),δ^(15)N值(分别为9.3‰和9.6‰)较高,其年龄较小,食物中包含较多的羊奶或生活于缺水的环境中,抑或被投喂了高蛋白的饲料;B组羊(YQ16、YQ18、YQ20)的δ^(13)C值偏低(分别为-16.8‰、-14.3‰和-17.2‰),但δ^(15)N值(分别为8.3‰、7.4‰和7.2‰)偏高,其受到人工干扰的可能性最大,特别是在冬春季节,野外植被较少,羊群很可能无法自行获得充足的食物资源,这时人为投放的饲料(如粟黍的秸秆等)可能作为其食物的补充;C组羊(YQ15)的δ^(13)C值(-16.3‰)和δ^(15)N值(6.7‰)都较低,其食物来源以C3类植物为主,也有少量C4类食物,其数值符合羊作为食草动物的特征,同时反映出当地野生植被主要以C3类植物为主。显然,以野外放养为主的羊,它们的食物结构仍然受到粟黍农业的强烈影响。大部分牛(δ^(13)C:-20.2‰~-14.6%,均值-16.4‰±2.6‰;δ^(15)N:3
In the Western Han Dynasty,there were various types of Marquises'cemeteries,either with or without walls or diches.The related facilities in the cemeteries were relatively rich,which reflected the status of the occupants,the protection of the burial area,system of family burial and subordinated burial and the sacrifice.Generally,the cemeteries were multiple,and the inner area and burials of Marquises were dominant,while the outer area was affiliated.The cemetery of the Western Han Dynasty reflected the level difference and system requirements,in the meantime showed the development and evolution of the funeral customs.
