【目的】对比分析丰水年和平水年鄱阳湖越冬白鹤的移动模式与栖息地利用,为越冬白鹤的保护和适应性管理提供科学依据。【方法】依据鄱阳湖星子站水位监测数据和湖区白鹤自然食物苦草块茎生物量,将2016年、2017年和2020年、2021年界定为丰水年W1组和W3组,将2018年、2019年界定为平水年W2组。基于2016—2022年13只卫星跟踪白鹤的越冬期定位数据,利用ArcGIS 10.7空间分析功能,对比分析丰水年和平水年越冬期以及越冬不同阶段的白鹤移动距离、活动区面积和栖息地利用的差异。【结果】1)从越冬白鹤的移动模式来看,平水年组越冬期和越冬中期的移动距离均显著小于丰水年组。2)丰水年合并组的不同越冬阶段的90%KDE(Kernel density estimator)(核密度估计法)活动区面积均显著大于平水年W2组,丰水年W1组越冬中期90%和50%KDE活动区面积均显著大于平水年W2组和丰水年W3组。3)从栖息地的利用率来看,平水年越冬期白鹤日间湿地利用率高达89.0%±12.3%(n=9);丰水年组白鹤在越冬期以及越冬前期和中期的日间农田利用率显著高于平水年组,湿地利用率显著低于平水年组。2个丰水年组之间的白鹤农田和湿地利用率无显著差异。白鹤的夜间湿地利用率在平水年越冬期为94.9%±8.7%(n=9),而在丰水年越冬期为84.5%±18.4%(n=15);丰水年W1组和合并组的白鹤越冬中期夜间农田利用率显著高于平水年组。【结论】在丰水年,白鹤通过增加移动距离、活动区面积以及农田栖息地利用比例来应对水位提高造成的食物短缺,来满足自身能量需求和提高适合度。在平水年,自然湿地是鄱阳湖越冬白鹤的主要觅食地和夜宿地。在丰水年,尽管白鹤的日间农田栖息地利用达到50%左右,但夜间仍主要利用自然湿地。加强自然湿地适应性管理,以提高不同水文条件下湿地的功能和恢复力,可确保鄱阳湖白鹤越冬种�
In order to measure the impact of changes in the marsh on breeding Red-crowned Cranes (Grus japonensis) and White-naped Cranes (G.vipio) in the Sanjiang Plain,we conducted a complete crane súrvey in each of the summers of 2007 and 2008,and obtained information on the changes in its marsh through interpretation of satellite images in 1986,1995,2000 and 2005.A comparison between the 1984 and 2008 census shows that:1) the number of Red-crowned Cranes remained stable at about 300 birds,while the number of White-naped Cranes increased markedly; 2) the estimates of nests of Red-crowned cranes are close to the numbers of 1984,while approximately 90％ of the nests of these two crane species were distributed over five national nature reserves (NNRs); 3) the two crane species became more concentrated in three regions,i.e.,the Fuyuan Delta,the middle reaches of the Naoli and Qixing rivers,and the Xingkai Lake wetlands,rather as formerly in six regions.The area of the marsh decreased by 45％ within the 20-year period from 1986 to 2005.The major loss of the marsh area was in the form of a conversion to paddy fields and dry land,which can be primarily attributed to direct human activity under various economic and policy drivers.The disappearance of cranes in the Dulu and Abuqin rivers was induced by large-scale agricultural development.The fragmentation into and isolation of small areas of the marsh became increasingly more serious,which resulted in unsuitable condtions for crane breeding in small patches of the marsh.The number of cranes declined from 1984-1995 but had recovered remarkably by 2008,which may be due to theestablishment of a system of nature reserves,in place since 2000.The land ownership of the reserve plays a key role in maintaining the integrity of the wetland ecosystem,especially in Sanjiang,Honghe,Naolihe and Qixinghe NNRs,which together accommodated approximately 80％ of the population of cranes.However,we did not discover any nests at all in the provincial and municipal reserves,which may be attribute
